The path runs through pine and heather on the German side of the Meinweg, a forest that straddles the border between Dutch Limburg and North Rhine-Westphalia. Twenty years ago I walked it with a pair of trousers in my hand.
Not in my backpack. In my hand. Ready.
Every bend was a threat. Every rustle was a walker. When I thought I saw a figure in the distance, I did what seemed sensible. I stepped behind a tree and pulled the trousers on, hopping on one leg, as fast as I could.
Now picture it from the other side. You are out for a quiet walk. Far ahead, a man leaps behind a tree. Something flails. A moment later he steps out again, flushed, tugging at his waistband.
What do you think he was doing there?
Today I walk the same path differently. Someone comes towards me. I keep walking. I greet them. Ten seconds later I am behind them, and nothing has happened.
The naked man was never the problem. The man behind the tree was.
The gaze
Jean-Paul Sartre describes a famous scene in Being and Nothingness (1943). A man peers through a keyhole. He is absorbed, unselfconscious. Then he hears footsteps in the corridor behind him. In that instant he sees himself as the other would see him. That is shame: not a feeling about yourself, but about yourself-as-seen.
On the path, nobody had seen me. I had seen myself through their eyes in advance. My shame produced exactly the scene it was afraid of.
So here is my claim, as plainly as I can put it. Being naked is hard for most people not because of the body, but because of the gaze. And whoever stops flinching at that gaze has let go of more than a pair of trousers.
It is a big claim. It deserves to be tested.
Living outside yourself
In 1755 Jean-Jacques Rousseau tried to imagine where human unhappiness began. His answer, in the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, is a scene as well. People gather in front of their huts or around a great tree. They sing, they dance. And they start to look at one another, and to want to be looked at.
From that moment, Rousseau argues, something shifts. There is amour de soi, the plain self-love every creature has: eat, rest, stay alive. And there is amour-propre, a self-regard that only exists in comparison. It needs the eyes of others to know what it is worth.
His conclusion is one of the sharpest sentences in French philosophy:
« Le sauvage vit en lui-même ; l’homme sociable, toujours hors de lui, ne sait vivre que dans l’opinion des autres. »
The savage lives within himself. Social man, always outside himself, can only live in the opinion of others.
Outside himself. That is where I was, behind that tree.
What one is
A century later Arthur Schopenhauer made the diagnosis practical. His Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life (1851) divide everything a person has into three parts:
- What one is: character, health, mind.
- What one has: property and possessions.
- What one represents: who one is in the minds of others. Honour, rank, reputation.
His argument is simple and merciless. Our happiness depends almost entirely on the first. Yet we organise our lives around the third. The endless brooding over what others will say is, for Schopenhauer, a weakness that weighs on all of us. His advice: act on your own judgement and loosen your grip on the opinion of others.
Read that list again with a body in mind.
Clothes are the first thing we own. They are also the first thing we show. Undress, and you set down what you have and what you represent. What remains is what you are.
Undressed, you are only what you are. That is the terror. And that is the relief.
The philosopher who wanted to be seen
Now the objection, and it comes from Schopenhauer himself.
In 1820 the young lecturer in Berlin scheduled his classes at exactly the same hour as Hegel, the most celebrated philosopher in Germany. Hegel’s hall was full. Schopenhauer’s was nearly empty. He spent decades in bitterness about a world that would not read him. Recognition finally came in his sixties, and it came through this very book.
The man who taught that the opinion of others does not matter longed for it all his life.
This does not refute him. It makes the point sharper. Knowing something is not the same as being it. You can understand in an afternoon that the gaze of strangers has no claim on you. Living that understanding can take twenty years on a forest path.
Strings
It is tempting to look elsewhere for people who never lost what we lost. The Yanomami, who live in the forests on both sides of the border between Brazil and Venezuela, wear almost nothing. Surely they are free of all this?
They are not. And that is what makes them interesting.
Yanomami men tie the foreskin to a cord around the waist. Women wear a thin string around the hips. It covers nothing. Yet it counts as being dressed. When the ethologist Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt asked Yanomami women in the 1970s whether they would give him their waist strings for an ethnographic collection, they refused. Without them, they said, they would feel ashamed.
A string that hides nothing, and still holds all the shame in the world.
Shame is not something the Yanomami lack and we invented. Every culture draws a line. Only the place differs.
The German sociologist Norbert Elias argued in The Civilizing Process (1939) that Europe’s threshold of shame rose over the centuries: what was once ordinary, such as bathing together, was moved behind closed doors. His compatriot Hans Peter Duerr spent five volumes, from 1988 onwards, contradicting him. There was never a shameless age, he argued, not in medieval Europe and not anywhere else. Both may be partly right. The line moves, but it never disappears.
It even runs through my forest. On the Dutch side of the Meinweg, article 430a of the criminal code makes it an offence to be naked in a public place outside an area the municipal council has designated, if that place is “not suitable” for it. Who decides what is suitable? Councils, and in the end judges. On the German side there is no specific ban at all. Nakedness only becomes an offence under section 118 of the Administrative Offences Act when it harasses the public. Exhibitionism is a separate matter, and a criminal one.
One forest. Two countries. Two lines.
The people of merchandise
There is a trap here. When a European writer holds up the Yanomami as innocent people of nature, he turns them into scenery for his own story. Rousseau has been blamed for that image for centuries, though he never used the phrase “noble savage”.
So let a Yanomami speak. In The Falling Sky, published in French in 2010 and written with the anthropologist Bruce Albert, the shaman and spokesman Davi Kopenawa describes the white world as seen from his village. He does not marvel at our clothes. He calls us the people of merchandise: people who lose themselves in what they own and make.
That is Schopenhauer’s second layer, what one has, seen from Watorikɨ. Perhaps we did not so much lose our nakedness. We traded it. For goods, and for an image.
Two words
Dutch, my own language, has two words where English mostly makes do with one.
Bloot is the everyday word. Bare feet are blote voeten. With the naked eye is met het blote oog. Its German cousin bloß has come to mean “merely”, “nothing but”. Naakt is the heavier word. It belongs to the life drawing class, the photograph, the naked truth.
Art historians fought over the English pair. In The Nude (1956), Kenneth Clark called the naked body huddled and defenceless, a body deprived of its clothes. The nude, by contrast, was the balanced, confident body of art. Sixteen years later John Berger turned this around in Ways of Seeing. To be naked, he wrote, is to be oneself. To be nude is to be on display for someone else, seen without being recognised.
I will use my own words, and I will say so openly. Their meaning here is mine, not the dictionary’s.
Naked is the body that lets the other’s opinion in. It is vulnerable, waiting for a verdict, often sexualised by the eye that looks at it.
Bare is the body that steps into life without clothes and without apology. With every scar and fold. Nothing is wrong. It is healthy. It is allowed to exist.
Naked, you are for someone else. Bare, you are for yourself.
The rider
Once, on a bridle path, a woman on horseback came round the bend. I stepped aside to let her pass, as you do for a horse. She was German. She looked surprised. I greeted her. She smiled, said something about the weather being just right for it, and rode on.
That was all. A naked man, a woman on a horse, one remark about the weather.
Not every encounter goes like that. I have argued with walkers who called me the worst thing you can call a person. It would be easy to say that people who react like that are only reacting to themselves. That their fear says more about them than about me.
It is too easy. A woman alone in a forest who meets a naked man cannot know, in the first second, who he is. Exhibitionists exist. That is why German law treats exhibitionism as a crime, separate from mere nakedness. Her fear has grounds. It is not just her frame of reference.
Naked that asks, naked that gives
The exhibitionist is the purest form of naked. He needs the other. He needs the shock, the look, the reaction. Without it there is nothing.
The bare walker wants nothing from anyone. He steps aside and says good morning.
Because the other cannot see the difference at once, it is my behaviour that has to show it. Step aside for the horse. Greet. Walk on.
A bare person is only a bare person. But you have to show it, not say it.
This is where my first idea fell apart, and a better one took its place. I used to think bare meant indifferent: beyond caring what anyone thinks. But that is where Schopenhauer ended up, and it was not freedom. It was a man alone with his poodles, despising the world.
Love, friendship, intimacy: they all ask you to let someone in. To be naked, in my sense, with another person. Vulnerability is not the enemy. The question is which kind.
There is a naked that asks: what do you think of me? It waits for approval. It is afraid.
And there is a naked that gives. It lets the other in, not to be judged, but to share.
Naked that asks, frightens. Naked that gives, frees.
You do not reach bare by avoiding vulnerability. You reach it by going through it.
Not my task
The oldest version of this thought is almost two thousand years old. Epictetus, a Greek who had been born a slave, opens his Handbook with one distinction. Some things are up to us: our judgements, our intentions, our actions. Other things are not: our body, our possessions, our reputation. Whoever confuses the two will be unhappy.
Schopenhauer’s third layer is that same line, drawn again.
How I walk that path is my task. How the other reacts is theirs. If someone recoils, that is their road, not my failure. I offer. I demand nothing.
The freedom is not that their look no longer touches you. The freedom is that their look no longer decides who you are.
Here I owe the reader an honest admission. I am not entirely there. Rejection still costs me something. Not pain, exactly. Something more like regret on the other’s behalf. So much energy spent on a body that harms no one. Such a waste.
After twenty years I feel completely at ease bare. And still, now and then, I catch that sigh.
I am almost there. Almost.
Tout nu
In 1580 Michel de Montaigne published the first books of his Essays. In a short note to the reader he explains what he is doing: painting himself, his flaws included. And he adds:
« Que si j’eusse été entre ces nations qu’on dit vivre encore sous la douce liberté des premières lois de nature, je t’assure que je m’y fusse très volontiers peint tout entier, et tout nu. »
Had I lived among those peoples who are said still to dwell in the sweet freedom of nature’s first laws, I assure you I would very gladly have painted myself whole, and wholly naked.
Montaigne was not talking about his body. He did not have to. He understood that the real undressing is not of the body. It is the moment you stop arranging yourself for someone else’s eyes.
The body is simply where that moment becomes visible. On a forest path, with nothing to hide behind except a tree you no longer need.
I used to think being bare was a summit, the philosophical high point of a life. I no longer believe that. Bare is not the top of the mountain. It is the ground. The place from which you can finally be naked with others without being afraid.
So I will end where every honest essay should: with a question I cannot answer for you.
Who do you get dressed for?




